Mumtaz Mahal

Arjumand Banu Begum  (also called  Mumtaz Mahal) was the third  wife  of  Shah Jahan. Mumtaz Mahal (meaning ‘Jewel  of the  palace') was the  nickname  her husband gave to her. Mumtaz Mahal was born in  April  1593  in  Agra, India. Her father was the  Persian  noble  Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, the brother of  Nur Jahan. Mumtaz was a  Muslim  and fell in love with and married her cousin,  Shah Jahan, later to be the Mughal emperor on  May 10,  1612  at the age of 19. She was his third wife, and became his favorite. Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal were married for 19 years. They had thirteen children together. Seven of the children died at birth or at a very young age. Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan and his army as he carried out  military campaigns. Mumtaz Mahal supported Shah Jahan and they respected each other very much. Mumtaz Mahal died on  June 17,  1631  in Burhanpur in the Deccan (now in  Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum. She had been with her husband as he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was kept at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad. A popular story says that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a  symbol  or a  monument  to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone else. The emperor promised immediately. Her body was buried in the  Taj Mahal  in Agra. After she died, Shah Jahan went into  mourning  for a year. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, Jahanara Begum, slowly brought him out of mourning and took the place of Mumtaz at court.

Staying Focus Essay

   Staying focus To know the real man behind the name Cleveland, starts with my dynamic support team, my family. I was fortunate to have a strong foundation in the beginning, that is still on going today. That being said, it has kept me grounded and able to give me the unique abilities that I have in me today. The ability to turn my negatives into positives. Dwelling on issues and difficult situations that occur in my life, is not something I waste my time doing. Searching for solutions, while always finding the positives is what I’m about. Being interested in tasks in my life keeps me constantly planning and preparing for the next phase. Which is teaching Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps in one of Texas’s finest High School. I have given over twenty years of my life to the United States Army, with no regrets. I never lost that passion for our United States Armed Forces. So my interest now, that it is time for another chapter in my life, which is to teach our next generation the tools in life in setting goals and knowing how to achieve them to become successful in this world. I look forward to sharing (teaching) with them what that experience has taught me. I will conquer that by informing them how it has empowered me to never give up on dreams. Also letting them know how it has taught discipline, integrity, values, respect, honor and leadership. Among other things such as great sacrifices, for example ; one of my greatness sacrifices that I have made ( with no regrets) for it has and still is my family. It was not easy being absent from my love ones for long periods at a time. Praying and hoping that it would not be the last time that I saw them again, but that was a sacrifice I was willing to make to ensure a better life for my family and the world. I am very passionate about my family. They are the back bone, as I stated before my strong foundation that represents me. My family keeps me motivated and focus. My wife is constantly reminding and assuring me that nothing is impossible for me to achieve. My gifts, as my lovely wife would explain is that I have â€Å"the gift of Gab†. I have always been fortunate in being introduce to individuals of high statue, which was caused by someone I made a good impression on. I have been able to touch others lives in a special way that was positive just by conversation. I am a true believer that a great personality goes a long way in this world. My talents goes a long way, from the basketball courts, football fields and now the golf course. The one talent that I am happiest about is I love helping people achieve things in life that they could never imagine doing. Over the years while being a recruiter for the United States Army I met lots of people with no dreams or aspiration to succeed, but after spending a couple of hours with me they changed their views. When ever I approached people my goal was to always put a

Organizing Function at Exxon Mobil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizing Function at Exxon Mobil - Essay Example Organizing Function at Exxon Mobil Specifically, the essay aims to proffer an evaluation of Exxon Mobil’s organizing function of management, as it relates to physical assets and human resources. The discourse would likewise discuss an evaluation and justification of whether Exxon has optimized these organization resources for effectiveness and efficiency, as required. Company Profile Considered as one of the world’s leader in the gas and oil industry is Exxon Mobil that boasts of being â€Å"the world's largest publicly traded international oil and gas company, providing energy that helps underpin growing economies and improve living standards around the world†. Its roots are traced 125 years ago with the drilling of the first oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The company is globally entrenched â€Å"holding exploration and production acreage in 38 countries and conducting production operations in 23 countries around the world† . Human Resources According to Higgin (1994), the organizing function is â€Å"establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization. The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the organization. It is in this function that managers distribute authority to job holders†. Exxon Mobil’s organizational structure is designed according to a grouping of segments from units, sections, divisions, and departments that work harmoniously towards the accomplishment of organizational goals. The management team at Exxon is comprised of the chairman and chief executive officer, as well as four senior vice presidents, with one assuming the basic responsibility as treasurer. A total of eleven members of the board of directors, where 10 were considered â€Å"independent as defined by New York Stock Exchange guidelines, and all directors stand for election at our Annual Meeting of Shareholders† (Exxon: Our board of d irectors, n.d., par. 1). The global workforce that compose the organization’s executive and staff positions are revealed as â€Å"nearly 80,000 employees, of which about 37 percent were located within the United States and 63 percent internationally† (Exxon: Our diverse workforce, n.d., par. 1). Of this number, more that 3,600 collaborately form the management and professional group who were hired from diverse countries all over the world. Exxon’s organizing strategy in terms of its human resources is â€Å"to increase the number of national employees over the life span of a project and to train them in technical and professional skills necessary for working on existing and future projects and operations† (Exxon: Our diverse workforce, n.d., par. 3).The strategy is applicable to human resources functions of recruitment, selection, training, maintenance and development of personnel. As indicated, the long term goal of the strategy is to hone the skills of talented personnel who are deemed competent and highly qualified to meet global demands of future needs of the organization. 2. Physical Assets Exxon Mobil has recognized the crucial importance of securing the physical assets of the organization. The organizing function required management to design a comprehensive inventory of all

The topic is whether government should intervene in society concerning Essay

The topic is whether government should intervene in society concerning economic issues - Essay Example In early American History, the Government refrained from controlling or intervening in the economy and accepted the â€Å"laissez-faire† doctrine or â€Å"survival of the fittest† ideology. The only government role was to maintain law and order. (U.S. Department of State). However, a gradual shift in this policy has been noticed since the turn of the 19th Century with the rising corruption in the Public Sector and to ensure fair competition in the marketplace. There was a lot of support on the theory of Keynesian macroeconomics, which led them to believe that the government should set goals and objectives for the economy as a whole. (Willamette Univ.). While it is important for the Government to partake in some economic activity directly such Taxation Policies, formulating and implementing rules or laws for fair trade and competition etc., and sometimes indirectly by monitoring economic activities through Economic institutions (e.g. Federal Bank deciding to increase or decrease Bank Rates); it becomes necessary for the economy to be given a free hand in order to flourish. Often, government fixes prices on goods on services or labor, such as minimum and maximum prices, which may lead to aberrations in the economy. There may be shortages in the market which may arise if the government fixes prices below the prevailing market rate. Ex. Public healthcare being provided free may lead to long waiting lines for treatments (Higson). Government fixing prices can lead to Surpluses as well, which may be the outcome of prices being fixed above the market rate. In such a case, the supply will be more than the demand. For example guaranteeing a farmer a higher price than the market price encourages over production and gives rise to wastage. Similarly, minimum wages tend to lead to unemployment in the economy especially for unskilled labor when the wage rate is set above the

Bridge Collapse and the Duty to Warn (ethics) Essay

Bridge Collapse and the Duty to Warn (ethics) - Essay Example What is Right I believe that the engineer that conducted the initial inspection adequately did his part as mandated by the California Attorney General’s Opinion Number 85-208 (1985), that as the hired registered engineer assigned to investigate the structural integrity of the Swinging Bridge; he was able to conclude that it is stable and sound to provide adequate service. But he also added to his recommendation that further testing should be carried out and that protective coating should be applied even though the bridge was free from rust. Noncompliance to his recommendations, added to that the regular swinging of the pedestrians, could have severely compromised the integrity of the structure and thus caused the accident. I believe that the court ruling in favor of the county is justifiable. For one, I do believe that the pedestrian should be responsible for their actions. It was them who engaged in a risky past time and they should in turn bear the consequences of their acti on. Secondly, they—anyone who engages in swinging the bridge should even be sanctioned for putting not just themselves at risk but other pedestrian as well who are using the bridge since their past time is creating potential danger to other people. Third, I think that the engineer should not be held liable because he did perform his duty to warn the public through his report. What is Wrong On the other hand, it was the inaction of the county to the report that could have caused the collapse. It for instance did not follow the engineer’s recommendation of carrying out further tests to determine structural stability, and it did not apply the protective coating that would prevent the onslaught of rust. Furthermore, if further testing had been carried out after the initial survey, as was part of the recommendation of the investigating engineer seven years prior to the accident, the succeeding test/s that would be carried out in the bridge would have allowed the succeeding investigating engineer to see the damage that the ‘swinging’ is causing to the bridge and thus determine the structural stability of the bridge in his report. If so, again, the incident could have been avoided. This will allow the engineer to again, adequately warn the public about the potential hazard of the bridge if it is continuously swing. The county also failed in addressing the illegal past time of the people, the Swinging Bridge is a public place, and since swinging it has been a well-known past time that pause potential danger not just to the actors doing the swinging but to other innocent pedestrian, it was the responsibility of the country to address the matter by creating ordinances that prohibits such activity. I also believe that the court should have sanctioned the county. Despite the fact that

'The significance of Wang Kar-wai's films often derives from their Essay

'The significance of Wang Kar-wai's films often derives from their coplex and highly creative treatment of time.' Discuss using detailed examples from Chungking - Essay Example To understand how Wong achieved this cult status and why certain elements of his films such as time bear significance, it is important to discuss the history from which he grew as they are both linked. Collaborating with well known directors such as Patrick Tam in the early 1980’s, writing scripts and assisting in direction, Wong learnt from his masters and established himself as one of the second new wave of Hong Kong filmmakers living at a time when issues such as Hong Kong’s transfer to China were foremost. Back in 1984 when the Sino-British agreement was drawn charting a plan to handover Hong Kong to mainland China, the uncertainty surrounding this issue forced Hong Kong’s residents as well as its filmmakers to examine this subject in depth. Rather than condemning the take over, the filmmakers sought to explore this previously un-chartered subject, seeking to introspect instead of criticizing. This was the moment when Hong Kong cinema matured and carried forward to the second new wave of filmmakers. In his films Wong essentially captures the cultural identity of Hong Kong which was dual in nature. â€Å"The cinema of Hong Kong reflects this notion of a du al identity, combining to create a third, localised identity (Wright 2002).† This duality arose from Hong Kong’s close proximity to China whose cultural identity is vastly different and bore a significant impact to Hong Kong. But Hong Kong’s history of being associated with western culture, absorbing the western way of free life, gave it a new identity which tried to mingle and sit well with its old identity. And Hong Kong films particularly from directors such as Wong Kar-wai, echo this dual identity. â€Å"Hong Kong released a few art films that found their way into film festivals. Chungking Express (1994) directed by Wong Kar-wai, became a cult hit (Bordwell 2000).† Hong Kong cinema is both a popular cinema and a cinema of auteurs

Managing Financial Resources in Health and Social Care Assignment

Managing Financial Resources in Health and Social Care - Assignment Example Principles of Costing and Business Control Systems May Be Adopted in BUPA The strategy of any company depends on a number of risks and uncertainties. Emphasising this particular concern, BUPA has engaged efficient risk managers who are bestowed with the responsibility to improve the credibility of the organisation in mitigating risks within the business environment. A proper costing requires sources from its stakeholders including the non-financial staff members. In this process, the staff members associated in different fields of operations can also contribute in the accurate computation of effective costing. Thus, staff members from within and outside the finance department must also be engaged, being stakeholders of the company, in order to identify the accuracy and relevancy of costing in the organisation as per the Principle 1 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013 (Monitor, 2013). BUPA must also adopt this approach throughout the organisation in a consistent manner. This approac h will help the organisation to analyze the various accounting method such as cost submission and comparison as per the Principle 2 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013. The costing principle, that is Principle 3, must be very much accurate in terms of its data. BUPA must be conscious of the accuracy of the data such as patient’s data, clinical staff’s performance data and the data of the trial balance or ledger of the organisation. The costing principle of BUPA must be oriented towards the material costs as per the Principle 4 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013. It must focus on the high costs material, accuracy to be required for costing purposes and calculate the expenditure required in the material costs of the organisation. The costing principle must be based on the needs of the patients. In a health care organisation, the needs of the patients must be understood to enable effective costs. This understanding will improve the relation between the health workers and patients and in return create a positive impact on the financial aspect of the organisation following Principle 5 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013. Again as per principle 6 of NHS Approved Costing Guidance 2013, every organisation must adopt a transparent costing system. It provides the organisation with complete assurance and develops the trustworthiness of the resources which will promote the workers with greater service delivery to their patients (Monitor, 2013). 1.2. Main Heads/ Income for BUPA in Last Financial Year The total attributable equity to the holders of the parent company of BUPA Care homes was recorded to be ?333,070,000. The major heads of income for BUPA in the last financial year were the economic capital, operational activities, funding and reserves for financial and taxation expenses. It is worth to be noted in this context that BUPA always maintains a proper capital so that it can be utilised to meet the organisational liabilities in the coming future and thereby preserve the liquidity of the company. Similarly, the other head in the income statement of BUPA can be identified as the funding generated by the company, which signifies the liquidity of BUPA and the availability of funds at any time of requirement. Notably, BUPA prepares its financial statement in accordance with the guidelines prescribed under the International Financial Reporting Standards, which in turn helps to give a true and

Human status in regards to Aristotle and Kant Research Paper

Human status in regards to Aristotle and Kant - Research Paper Example onal ideas of separation of mankind into various groups by the nature or in Gods will: Greeks and barbarians, elected and not elected, devout and not devout, civilized and uncivilized etc. The aspiration to prove the unity of the human race was always resisted by aristocratic, hierarchical, nationalist, racial, class and other theories. Understanding of mankind, and, therefore, the general concept of a person was finally developed only in the XIX century. All the second grade theories have one common feature: some part of mankind is recognized as superior. However, there classical theories, which allow us to understand the real essence of humans and their status in this world in the given work two views on humans’ status will be considered: the view of Kant and the view of Aristotle. German classical philosophy is presented by such thinkers as I. Kant, I. Fichte, F. Schelling and G. Hegel, who lived and worked at the end of XVIII - the first half of the XIX centuries. One of the main tasks of the German classical philosophy is to overcome the contradictions of XVII—XVIII centuries’ philosophy, which was expressed in opposition to rationalism and empiricism, exaggeration of a role of natural sciences and excessive optimism of Enlightenment. This movement is characterized by the revival of interest in history, art, mythology, as well as by the criticism of natural science direction in modern philosophy. All these are caused by a great interest to the problem of a person put in a new way. The German classical philosophy replaced an individual ideal of free identity of Renaissance by the collective ideal of free mankind expressed by the ideas of Enlightenment and the slogans of The Great French revolution. Protestantism is the religious fundamental of German classical philosophy. In Kants work there are two periods: critical and subcritical. During the subcritical period (1756-1770) the interests of Kant were mainly connected with logical problems and natural

Marketing managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing managment - Assignment Example Each and every organization, today, give huge importance to marketing. Marketing of a restaurant is basically nothing but the marketing of the service of that restaurant. However, restaurant marketing is little more difficult as compared to any other organization or product as the restaurant industry is extremely competitive in nature. This paper is all about a new restaurant called ‘London dining Experience’ and various issues regarding marketing of this restaurant. The paper includes an in depth analysis of the marketing environment of the restaurant, the process and the reasons of segmentation of the market of ‘London dining experience’. Generally there are two distinct marketing environments that influence an organization. These are micro and macro environment. It is very important for any organization to analyze its marketing environment because marketing environment comprises of all those factors that have either direct or indirect influence on the organization. As far as ‘London Dining Experience’ is concerned, the restaurant is about to launch. As a result it needs to have clear understanding about its marketing environment. Like any other organization microenvironment of this restaurant would include its suppliers, competitors, customers and marketing intermediaries. On the other hand the macro environment of this restaurant is comprised of economics, demographics, nature, politics, culture and technology (University of London, n.d.). So, it can be stated that the marketing environment of this restaurant is the combination of all these factors. Proper analysis of all these factors would enable the organization to create and maintain healthy and effective relation with its suppliers and customers, to have clear idea what its competitors are currently doing, to clearly understand the current tastes, needs and wants of the customers and

Critically Analyse the Theoretical Conflicts Between Capital Exporting Essay

Critically Analyse the Theoretical Conflicts Between Capital Exporting Countries and Capital Importing Countries - Essay Example The end of the colonialism resulted in letting loose forces with regard to nationalism. After breaking free from the fetters of colonialism, the freshly self-governing states got restless to put an end to the economic supremacy of the previous colonial authorities present in their own respective states. It was also followed by a further restlessness with regard to a world regulation which was thought to allow them increased possibility for the regulation of their respective economies along with providing the right of entry to the international markets. The Cold War among the then existing super-supremacies gave rise to ideological disputes regarding the law. The various theories that were triggered in relation to foreign investment would be further discussed1. Theories The Classical Theory on Foreign Investment The classical theory regarding the foreign investment states that the notion of foreign investment proves to be completely advantageous for the ‘host economy’. .. . This rerouting of the capital would prove beneficial for the public of the state. The introduction of a foreign investor would typically bring in fresh technology which would have no chances of being available with respect to the host country. This scenario or aspect paves way towards technology distribution in the economy of the host country. This gives rise to fresh employment needs and without the presence of foreign investment, such employment prospects would not be triggered2. Dependency Theory The theory of dependency surfaced in the period of 1950s to be a serious response with respect to the conservative approaches towards the economic progress that materialised in the repercussion of the Second World War2. The consequences of foreign funds along with the multinational corporations (MNCs) on the host states could be drawn from the writings which were laid down by the â€Å"dependency school†. Dominant works done by this particular school entails the ontology regarding dependency like the theory of Karl Marx on development as well as underdevelopment, study conducted by Andre Gunder regarding the development as well as underdevelopment, study conducted by Paul Baran regarding the economic growth and backwardness and also the writings by Samir Amin on the subject of unequal growth4. Different countries took up the viewpoints of the dependency theory during that period like the Latin American and the East Asian countries. Among these, quite some countries agreed to the plan of import replacement and posed an aggressive approach towards the idea of foreign investment. These specific policies were noted to have damaging consequences on the economies of such countries. In the period of

Three Day Diet Analysis Essay Example for Free

Three Day Diet Analysis Essay There will be two term exams, a final exam and one written assignment for this course. In addition to the three written exams, you will be required to carry out a 3 day diet analysis of you own diet. Details of this are provided below, but briefly, you will be required to record everything you eat for three days. Your nutrient intake will then be determined using a computer program â€Å"Diet Analysis + 8† which will be available on computers in Science SN 3000 for all students. If you bought a new copy of the text this year, you can access a web version of the software (access information is provided with the text). You will then be required to write an evaluation of your diet, discussing its strengths and weaknesses and what you might do to improve it.. Both the computer analysis and the evaluation must be turned in. This diet analysis will count for 10% of your course mark. The analysis is due on Friday March 9 in class. Analyses not turned in when due will have their mark reduced by one-half. That is, they will count for only a maximum of 5% of the course mark. Assignments not turned in by the last class of the semester will receive a mark of 0 (zero). Summary of Evaluation: Due DateValue Term Exam 1Fri Feb 820% Term Exam 2Fri Mar 1520% Final ExamDuring Final Exam Period50% Diet Analysis (10%)Fri, Mar 810% Total100% Policy on missed exams: Marks from missed exams, regardless of reason, will be applied to the final exam. This applies to all students. All students have the option of not writing one or both of the term exams. If you miss one term exam, the final exam will be worth 70%, if you miss both term exams the final exam will be worth 90%. Supplementary Exam: A student who has clear or conditional standing may write a supplementary examination in Biochemistry/Kinesiology 2600 if the course grade obtained is 45-49 F and if his or her term mark is at least 50%. Students who wish to write a supplementary exam must apply in writing to the Biochemistry Department within one week of release of grades. Diet Analysis You are to record all the food you eat for three consecutive days, one of which must be a weekend day. That is you must record what you eat for Thursday, Friday and Saturday or Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. Be sure to record portion sizes as well as what you ate. You will need to have a labnet account in order to print out your analysis. If you do not have one be sure to set it up before starting your data entry. Using the diet analysis+ software you are to analyze your intake for the three days. You can access this software in the Biochemistry Department Computer Lab, SN 3000 OR if you bought a new copy of the text this year, you can access a web version of the software (access information is provided with the text). You can also purchase access to the online version of the software. See the textbook information files on the D2L site. When you use the diet analysis software, you should store your data on the H drive or on a memory stick. If you do not, if you return to the computer you used, your data will not be there and you will have to start the data entry process again. By saving to the H drive or a memory stick, you can enter your data in pieces rather that all at once and you can easily go back to edit any mistakes. To do this, insert the memory stick in the computer before starting the program. It is important that you enter your personal profile information BEFORE you enter foods. If you do not you will have to re-enter the foods after you create your personal profile. Then you must evaluate your diet based on your intake relative to recommended intakes for all nutrients for which you believe your intake is high enough or low enough relative to the RDA that you need to do something about it. Note that your intakes may be more than recommended, equal to the recommended or less than the recommended. Your evaluation must include your evaluation of the adequacy of your diet. Once you have evaluated your diet, you should suggest what, specifically, you would do to correct any problems with your diet, that is what foods need to be replaced and with what. Note that your evaluation should be based on your average intake for the three days, not based on any one day’s intake. When you turn in your assignment it must include: 1. the list of foods and amounts eaten for each day from the printout, 3 lists, one for each day 2. The computer evaluation of your diet. That is the printouts that show the percentage of recommended intakes for the 3 day average intake, not for each individual day’s intake. 3. The printout of recommended intakes for your age, sex and activity level. 4. The printout of the pyramid or MY PLATE which will provide you with guidance for how you might change your diet 5. Your written evaluation of your diet. 6. Your suggestions for improvement / changes if any is needed. You can print all this information by choosing print 3 day analysis in the software after you have entered all your intake information. Undergraduate Access Hoursto SN 3000, Biochemistry Computer Lab are posted on the door of the lab and will be available on the course D2L site once they have been determined.

First Solar Turns Sunshine into Profits Essay Example for Free

First Solar Turns Sunshine into Profits Essay Case Summary: First Solar was founded in 1999 from the Walton family. According to the Marketing Sun Power, First Solar’s mission is â€Å"to create enduring value by enabling a world powered by clean, affordable solar electricity.† (p. 90) The company manufactures solar modules, which have razor-thin cadmium telluride. They are manufactured this way because it can still produce electricity even when clouds are blocking the sun. With this product First Solar wants to promote that it is socially responsible. It not only markets its cost efficiency through solar energy, but it also helps maintain sustainability by reducing the use of fossil fuel. First Solar products have advantages with rival companies because its product does not depend on silicon wafers. Silicon wafers is the preferred product from other solar companies. Silicon wafers is a costly product and it’s also a scarce resource. Key Marketing Issues †¢Competition: In the business world competition is when businesses or firms enter the market with similar products. Per the article First Solar does not seem to have great threat of other firms, as it is the leading manufacture of solar power. First Solar uses razor-thin cadmium telluride material, while other companies use silicon wafers. Silicon is a scarce material and expensive as well. †¢Oligopoly: I would consider First Solar to be an oligopoly. Since it seems that there are few sellers that control the solar panel market. I would also say that since First Solar uses different material it has an upper hand when it comes to solar modules. This can change if different innovations enter the market. †¢Political Forces: Political force can always influence the wellbeing of a company. For example Germany and other European nations are encouraging  alternative energy and that is why Germany has become First Solar’s target market. †¢Technological Forces: Technological forces will continue to change the marketing perspective, because technology changes. Marketing strategies change to adapt and become appealable to consumers. †¢Government: Governments from various nations can influence with providing subsidies that help corporations maintain a decreased rates for solar energy. A problem that First Solar and other solar companies will have to tackle, because Germany will be reducing its subsidies soon. Personal Case Analysis As a personal analysis I was intrigued by the product differentiation between First Solar and other solar companies. Most solar companies use silicon wafers for their solar cells and panels. First Solar uses a razor-thin cadmium telluride solar cells and panels, which makes them an innovator of this product (what makes them marketable). They expect to decrease its cost to .50 cents per watt by 2014, which is 50% less than what is being paid at this moment. First Solar is not only based out of Tempe, Arizona, but it’s also marketed globally. Germany use to be its primary market, but now it is moving to the North American market. Case Questions 1-Which marketing environment forces are likely to have the greatest impact on First Solar? The greatest impacts from environmental forces are Economic Conditions (buying power), Political Forces, and Technological Forces. Economic conditions change in which can affect the buying power. A perfect example would be the subsidies that are being received in Germany. Buying condition can decrease when the subsidies are lost. Unless there is a political agenda or lobbying involved. This is when technological advancement can be improved  to provide a less costly product. 2-What types of organizations are most likely to exert the strongest competitive forces on First Solar? In order for a competitor to compete against First Solar, they would need to develop a superior product then what First Solar has produced. First Solar has produced a razor-thin cadmium telluride product that even works on cloudy days. One company that I think could bring competition would General Electric. General Electric is a well-established company that is looking into being a sustainable company and has the wealth to pursue solar panels. 3-How did technology affect First Solars responses to the changes in the marketing environment? How can it continue to maintain its technological edge in its industry? First Solar started out because of high oil prices, environmental concerns with natural resources. First Solar does not use expensive material like silicon wafers, which is a scarce material and very costly. It will continue to maintain its technological edge because it is aware that it needs continuous assessments in every aspect of the market (fossil fuel, government, technologies, innovation, and consumer demand). Conclusions: First Solar has developed a product in which reduces the use of fossil fuel and creates alternative energy. Its marketing strategy has been focused on its unique development of technology (cadmium telluride cells) and the need to provide consumers and businesses a more sustainable product with a lower cost. Due to these advantages the company can attack the market aggressively. First Solar is aware of the challenges that will arise in the future. Environmental forces keep companies always on edge, which makes them continue to improve with new technological innovations. Marketing plans need to be adjusted on a continuous basis due to changes that may arise from government, natural resources, political views and social views.

Largest Companies Listed On The Bursa Malaysia Commerce Essay

Largest Companies Listed On The Bursa Malaysia Commerce Essay YTL Corporation Berhad is one of the largest companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia, and together with its six listed entities has a combined Market Capitalization of about RM 34.3 million as at 30 September 2010, the company has a total asset of over RM45 billion. The major business carries out by YTL Corporation included power generation, construction contracting, property development, hotel development and management, cement manufacturing, supply of water, treatment and disposal of waste water, and incubating and advisory services for internet businesses. [ Francis Yeoh, YTL Corporation Berhad ] Products and Services YTL Cement Berhad supplies cement products and concrete products, quarry products and provision of related services to the constructions sector. YTL Cement is Malaysias largest producer of ready-mixed concrete, through its subsidiary Buildcon Concrete Sdn Bhd C.I Readymix Sdn Bhd. The company currently operates more than 50 batching plants throughout Peninsular Malaysia. [ Mr. TG TAN, YTL Cement Berhad ] YTL Cement Berhad is also the 2nd largest cement plant in Malaysia, with cement production capacity of 1.2 million tonnes per annum in Pahang; 3.4 million tonnes per annum in Perak; and a Clinker and Blast Furnace Slag Grinding Plants at Westport, Klang, and Pasir Gudang, Johor, each of 500,000 m/t per annum capacity. [ YTL Cement Berhad ] YTL Corporation also have a lots of luxury hotel in different country. Besides, YTL Corporation also carries out property development activities. YTL has built up excellent and high quality of buildings such as condominiums with attractive and inn ovative designs. Channels of distribution This is defined as an intermediate chain; each chain is passed down to the next organizations product, that we finally reach the consumer or end user. This process is known as the distribution chain or channel. Starting from the beginning, the YTL Company has only supplies the cement manufacturing to the entire buyer. When the YTL Company gets the profit back, they have enough capital, and then the company starts to expand their business structure. They start to supply generation, construction contracting, property development, hotel development and management, cement manufacturing, supply of water, treatment and disposal of waste water, and incubating and advisory services for internet businesses. [ Francis Yeoh, YTL Corporation Berhad ] They sell this product to Tenaga National Berhad(TNB), hotel, building industry, hardware store and customer. This can keep their products on the market flow and visibility. Level of Technology Used YTL Cement is the largest ready-mixed concrete company in Malaysia, with over 500 mixers. YTL Cement owns over 70 batching plants and a fleet of 700 cement trucks, operating throughout Malaysia. [ YTL Corporation Berhad ] YTL Corporation undertakes IT and e-commerce technology in their business. Organization Structure YTL Corporation is managed by an experienced Board with a wide and varied range of expertise. This broad full of skills and experience can ensure that the YTL Corporation is under the guidance of an accountable and competent Board. The Directors recognise the key role they play in charting the strategic direction, development and control of the YTL Corp Group and have adopted the six primary responsibilities as listed in the Code, which facilitate the discharge of the Boards stewardship responsibilities. The Board currently has thirteen Directors comprising nine executive members and four non-executive members. The positions of the Executive Chairman and the Managing Director are held by separate members of the Board. The Executive Chairman is primarily responsible for the orderly conduct and working of the Board, while the Managing Director oversees the running of the business day by day, implementation of Board policies and making of operational decisions. The Managing Director and the Executive Directors are accountable to the Board for the profitable operation and development of the YTL Corporation, consistent with the primary aim of enhancing long-term shareholder value. The presence of Independent Non-Executive Directors brings an additional element of balance to the Board and these Independent Non-Executive Directors have the experience to carry sufficient weight in the Boards decisions. The differing roles of Executive and Non-Executive Directors are delineated, both having fiduciary duties towards the shareholders of the company. Executive Directors have a direct responsibility for business operations whereas Non-Executive Directors have the necessary skill and experience to bring an independent judgement to bear on issues of strategy, performance and resources brought before the Board. The Executive Directors are responsible for the YTL Corporation operations and for ensuring that strategies proposed by management are fully discussed and examined, and take account of the long term interests of shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers and the many communities in which the YTL Corporation conducts its business. Mission YTL Company mission is to earn high returns by investing in high growth, knowledge intensive companies that leverage on new technologies and then enhance the value of these investments by using its internal and external resources. It aims to be a provider of smart capital, which includes financial capital as well as real world knowledge capital, to eliminate many of the risks associated with new technology investments, be they technical, financial or operational. [ YTL e-Solutions Berhad ] Strengths The strengths of YTL Company are when at a limited resources period time, YTL Company can supply the amount quantity of products to customer. This is because when that time building start work come together many way and then make the resources lesser, at that time YTL Company got place to store the resources and supply to every customer. Weaknesses The weakness of the YTL Company is divided into many part of enterprise development, so by the controlling maybe have some small mistake. Like when a place for develop, many worker are calling to over time the work and will give extra bonus, but the way is some of the worker want to save more the money send back to their family, so that them eat less of food when the working time, and when got any over time chances them will fight of it. This problem makes them will over stress their body and not enough time for rest and this will cause of any dangerous accident. Innovation The first company to introduce turnkey construction into Malaysia. The first Malaysian company to use non-resource local financing to finance a high-speed rail project. The first Asian company to issue a Zero-Coupon Euro-bond. First Independent Power Producer in Malaysia. The first non-Japanese Asian company to list on the Tokyo Exchange in year 1996. Awards YTL is one of Malaysias best managed companies; YTL Corporation has won numerous awards and come out tops in numerous surveys over the years, including awards form The Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia Week, CIO Asia and many others awards. YTL Corporations most recent accolades came from Finance Asia magazine, when it was highlighted under the categories Most Committed to Corporate Governance. Best Financial Management and Best Managed Company. Planning Planning can best be defined as looking ahead and chalking out future courses of action to be followed. It is a preparatory step. It is a systematic activity which determines when, how and who is going to perform a specific job. Planning is a detailed programme regarding future courses of action. It is rightly said Well plan is half done. Therefore planning takes into consideration available and prospective human and physical resources of the organization so as to get effective coordination, contribution and perfect adjustment. It is the basic management function which includes formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with the available resources. [ Ads by Google ] Someone has said before, Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in orderly way, to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses. Planning is deciding best alternative among others to perform different managerial functions in order to achieve predetermined goals. [ Ads by Google ] Planning is deciding in advance on what to do, how to do and who to do it. Planning bridge covers the gap between where we want to go. It makes possible things occur which would not otherwise occur. In todays highly competitive business environment, budget-oriented planning or forecast-based planning methods are insufficient for a large corporation to survive and prosper. The firm must engage in strategic planning that clearly defines objectives and assesses both the internal and external situation to formulate strategy, implement the strategy, evaluate the progress, and make adjustments where necessary to stay on track. [ Bradford, Robert W., Duncan, Peter J., Tarcy, Brian ] YTL Corporations strategy of offering World Class Products and Services at Competitive Prices extends across the range of its business activities, and is perhaps the single most important factor underpinning its success today in enhancing shareholder value. That is because YTL Corporation using the right way of the strategy planning process. A simplified strategic planning process is shown by the following diagram: This process is most applicable to strategic management at the business unit level of the organization. For large corporations, strategy at the corporate level is most concerned with managing a portfolio of business. For example, corporate level strategy involves decisions about which business units are to grow, resource allocation among the business units, taking advantage of synergies among the business units, and mergers and acquisitions. In the process outlined here, company or firm will be used to denote a single-business firm or a single business unit of a diversified firm. [ NetMBA, Business Knowledge Center ] YTL Corporation follows the step by step then only can reach until now is one of the largest companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia. The company has many assets, for example hotel, resorts, building, and etc. Mission- Companys mission is to reason as a company. The delegation is often manifested in the form of mission statement, convey a sense of mission and project staff clients corporate image. In the strategy formulation process, the mission statement sets the direction of where the company should go. YTLs mission is to earn high returns by investing in high growth, knowledge intensive companies that leverage on new technologies and provide the affordable to become one of the world-class quality products and services. Now our company is following by the mission and almost wants to overstep the mission already. YTL Group Managing Director Tan Sri Dato (Dr) Francis Yeoh Sock Ping said that before. Objectives- Objectives is a specific goal, which the organization seeks to reach, for example, a profit growth target. The goal should be challenging, but achievable. They should also be measurable, so that companies can monitor their progress and make necessary corrections. YTL over the last 15 years already contributed directly to its success in achieving a compounded annual growth rate in Pre-tax profits of 55%. This can shown that the company also done in this part very well and is not every company can done it as well, it because need to put more heart on the company and fight the target only can get it well. Situation Analysis- Once the firm has specified its objectives, it begins with its current situation to devise a strategic plan to reach those objectives. Changes in the external environment often present new opportunities and new ways to reach the objectives. An environmental scan is performed to identify the available opportunities. The firm also must know its own capabilities and limitations in order to select the opportunities that it can pursue with a higher probability of success. The situation analysis therefore involves an analysis of both the external and internal environment. [ NetMBA, Business Knowledge Center ] A situation analysis can generate a large amount of information, much of which is not particularly relevant to strategy formulation. To make the information more manageable, it sometimes is useful to categorize the internal factors of the firm as strengths and weakness, and the external environmental factors as opportunities and threats. [ NetMBA, Business Knowledge Center ] YTL Company aspect the analysis in the industry in which the firm operates or is considering operating. It devised the five forces framework that is use for industry analysis. The five forces include barriers to entry, customers, suppliers, substitute product, and rivalry among competing firm. Strategy Formulation- Once a clear picture of the firm and its environment is in the hand, specific strategic alternatives can be developed. While different firms have different alternatives depending on their situation, there also exist generic strategies that can be applied across a wide range of firm. We identified the cost leadership, differentiation, and focus as the three generic strategies that may be considered when defining strategic alternatives. [ NetMBA, Business Knowledge Center ]We implementing a combination of these strategies for a given product; rather, he argued that only one of the generic strategy alternatives should be pursued. So, the YTL Company got more strong power to build up faster than other company and become a big company. Implementation- The strategy likely will be expressed in high-level conceptual terms and priorities. For effective implementation, it needs to be translated into more detailed policies that can be understood at the functional level of the organization. The expression of the strategy in terms of functional policies also serves to highlight any practical issues that might not have been visible at a higher level. [ NetMBA, Business Knowledge Center ] The strategy of YTL Company is translated into few specific policies for functional areas such as: marketing, research and development, procurement, production, human resources, information systems and etc. Control- Once implemented, the results of the strategy need to be measured an evaluated, with changes made as required to keep the plan on track. Control systems should be developed and implemented to facilitate this monitoring. Standards of performance are set, the actual performance measured, and appropriate action taken to ensure success. [ NetMBA, Business Knowledge Center ] By the way the theory and the YTL Company theory are similar same, step by step from mission until the end of the controlling step. Organizing Organization is one of the management functions, such as planning. It is a function of the synchronization and human, material and financial resources, the combination occurred. All three resources are very important to get results. Therefore, the organization features help to achieve results that are actually important for the operation concerned. According to Chester Barnard, Organizing is a function by which the concern is able to define the role positions, the jobs related and the co- ordination between authority and responsibility. Therefore, managers always want to get organized results. Organizing function has four following steps. First is identification of activities. All activities must be conducted in a question for the first time that. For example, the preparation of the accounts, make sales, record keeping, quality control, inventory control, etc. All these activities are grouped and classified as a unit. Second is departmentally organizing the activities. In this step, managers are trying to bind to the departments and units or similar groups and related activities. This is divided into separate units and department to the entire organization is called departmentation. In the third steps is classifying the authority. Once the departments have made, Managers like the power and scope of the category managers. This gives a kind of management positions in the rank of the level of activity is called. Senior management to policy formulation, the lower the supervision and management of mid-level to the foremans supervision and management. Clarify a problem in the introduction of the power efficiency of the help. This helps in achieving the operating efficiency of a concern. This helps to avoid the time, money, energy waste, to avoid duplication or overlapping of efforts, which helped smooth the introduction of the work concerned. And the last step is co-ordination between authority and responsibility. Relations are based on different groups in order to achieve organizational goals toward smooth interaction. Everyone knows by his authority, he or she know they have to take orders and to whom they must report to them. A clear organizational structure is developed and all staff is made aware of this. When it comes to business leaders, the most important aspect is the management of the organization functions. In fact, the correct implementation of the organizational functions of management can make a business success or failure. Absence of sound system, involving the management of organizational functions, the companies can easily end up belly up and bleeding red. Unfortunately, many business owners do not spend enough time to consider the organizations management functions. In addition, when it comes to business planning and the like, little time is spent on an overview of the organization, taking into account management features. This is crucial, a business management training and well versed in the functions of various organizations. Historically, these types of concepts taught in colleges and universities. However, to a large degree, many universities have abandoned at least to some extent, the training organization like the focus. Management organizations function of the level of many business enterprises. First, the organizations management function addresses the way the person with the organization to interact, who reports to whom, organization charts, lines of authority. All of these are personnel management and organizational functions of management within the organization takes that fall on. Financial planning and budgetary considerations also belong to the organizations general management topics. Managers need the plug and the company employed by them during the budget out familiar. They need to understand the business of spending and budget priorities in order to fully understand how to allocate company resources to ensure the maximum profit at the end. Internet also does provide a number of organizations looking for more management functions, and how it is any enterprises overall business model of an important part of the useful information for anyone interested. Now we talks about the important of organisation. The people who organized organization are much better than the disorganized individuals. The same is true the organized sector or enterprise. Managers who can master this enjoyment of the organization function more smoothly in the management of the term of office location. For example, the construction enterprise organizations must do to ensure the smooth progress of the project a lot. Subcontractors, construction managers and building materials must be received by organizations for each. Scheduling before the arrival of supplies, the development of a carpenter, is counterproductive, and showing a lack of organization. In the current situation, there is a specific order to the project, which is in any other projects the true situation. Manager who has a staff organized to follow it and the organizations and the fight. Managers who take seriously functions of the organization to consistently update their plans will therefore be successful in the workplace. Organizing is always occurs continuously. Organization is most managers daily, weekly, annual task. In todays fast-paced business world, things change rapidly, the change occurred. Managers must remember that it was the composition of the flow, never change. Flexible management the ability to change course and even when necessary to meet customer needs. Change is inevitable. For the frequent changes of business experience, the organization function is essential. Such as adding new jobs or eliminate some of the organizational change process can change the level and structure of the organizations business. By the way, our research of YTL Company has indicates that organization itself consists of three basic building blocks. They are Job Positions, Activities, and Systems. The growth of the organization is how to organize the development and how they relate to people of each of these subunits to form an organic whole understanding. Job Positions The YTL Company divides the job positions into four types, which is Structure, Authority, and Distribution of tasks, Right people and Training. Structure The first thing consider is the structure of jobs in the company is correct for todays business and plans for the tomorrow. Therefore, it is worth doing an analysis of whether the structure and YTL Company contains the right makeup and balance of job positions on it. Authority Second, YTL Company examine whether each job position in the company is matched by a level of authority for the person in that job to carry out the tasks contained within the job. In addition, the person filling the job needs to clearly know whom he or she is to report to. [ Roy Posner, Growth Online ] Distribution of Tasks Third, need to check whether the work tasks are assigned to that position in all right task. Some tasks may not be included in the work, or some tasks may need to be added to the job, or some people may only need to be assigned to another job. Therefore, the contents of each job in the company of the company is also worthy of detailed analysis. Right People, Training Fourth, the job positions in YTL Company are proper allocation, as well as office tasks is to maximize the efficiency of individual positions need filled with the right people, and training to the work of each person. Activities Jobs, activities can be continuously improved throughout the organization as well. Each improvement to an activity releases fresh energy and makes the organization more effective. [ Roy Posner, Growth Online ] YTL this high-tech manufacturing companies are reviewing their product development activities in order to maximize product and service speed to market, and their efficiency and product quality and service. Therefore, thorough analysis activities, while enabling companies to more efficiently and releasing tremendous energy and prosperity. Systems An organization is determined by the degree of productivity and regular physical activity routine systematic, standard operating procedures for the opening. Systemization doesnt just make activities work more efficient; it makes people more relaxed and cheerful at work because the activities almost take care of themselves. In fact, the happiest people are often in companies that have turned most or all activities in the company into corresponding systems. [ Roy Posner, Growth Online ] There are some systems in the YTL Company as computerized bookkeeping, email, sales tracking, sales analysis, manufacturing, credit checking and etc. And then there are the existing systems. YTL Company upgraded the efficiency to the next level. Compare to the theories of YTL, it is almost the same. YTL company manager organize the company organizing structure and the job position of the employees in the company. Besides, the manager also concern about the authority and system in the company. Leading Leading is the topic of motivating employees is extremely important to managers and supervisors. To motivate employees, we must start motivating ourselves first. If you are enthusiastic about your job, it is much easier for others to be too. In addition, if doing to take care of worker and their work well, will have more clearly how other people do is their point of view. You can make their day or break their day. As a manager, you are the most powerful factor in employees motivation and morale. Your impact on employee motivation is immeasurable. By the words, the body language and expression on face, the telegraph opinion of their value of the people employ. You must take the lead first. Use simple powerful motivational words to demonstrate that you value people by saying please and thank you and you are doing a good job you can make their day positive employee motivation and morale. Start the day right. Since, walk tall and confidently. Walk around your workplace and greet people. Share the goods and expectations for the day. Let the employees know that today is going to be a great day. Of start with you, you can make their day. For employee motivation, you must make sure people know what you expect. As a manager, you must have clearly state down the work objectives, members needed, report dear lines and the requirements so that the employees do not received a different manage. Make sure get the feedback from the employees so will know he or she understand what is the need. Share the goals and reasons for doing the task and project. Have a task or project by the middle of change, why change needs to tell people, tell them you know. They want to know when they complete a project, and when you are disappointed in their results. They need as soon as possible after the event this information. They need to work with you to make sure that they produce a positive outcome the next time. Set up a daily or weekly schedule to check and make sure the feedback happens. This is an effective tool in building employee motivation and morale. As a manger you can continue learning and trying out new ideas for employee motivation. Use whatever access you have to education and training. Have an internal trainer or seek classes from an outside consultant, a training company or a university. Most people want to learn and grow their skill at work. No matter what their reasons are: a promotion, different work, a new position or a leadership role employee appreciates your help. Encourage experimentation and taking reasonable risk to develop employee skill. That each persons performance development plan and implementation plan to ensure that you need to help them. Hold regular meeting to share information, gain ideas for improvement and train new policies. Hold focus groups to gather input before implementing policies that affect employees. To effectively lead a work group, department or unit, you must take responsibility for your actions, the actions of the people you lead and the accomplishment of the goals that are yours. [ Sus an M. Heathfield, About.Com ] Show commitment by following through on your promises. To motivate the employees, we start with good people, lay out rules communicate and reward them with good pay and bonuses to those who deserve them. Today, people must understand why they are working hard. Every individual in an organization is motivated by something different from each other. On motivating people, you are got to engage their minds and their hearts. For example, by excitement or by having productive ideas to make others feel involved. Motivation is the art of setting people to do what you want to do because they want to do it. Everybody wants to be somebody. The thing you as a manager have to do is to give them confidence as much as you can. Whether you, you are for personal reasons, but the bottom line is that almost everyone working for the money. Whatever you can it: compensation, salary, houses, benefit or remuneration, money pays by bills. Of provide housing, gives children clothing and food, send them to college and eventually retirement. Therefore, equity interests and pay is the cornerstone of a successful company, the commitment to recruit and retain workers. To attract the best employees, you need to pay more than your average paying counterpart in the market place. Show commitment by following through on your promise. Follow up on mines and review project regularly to make sure you have done all you can keep an eye on projects so that you can head off problems. As a manager, in order for you to motivate your employees you must have positive mental attitude. Condition your mind to reject negative attitude to channel your mental energy. A commitment to positive attitude will bring about that relaxed countenance that many successful leaders exhibit. Show disciplined to your employee by setting a good example. Always arrive early for appointments. This shows that you are disciplined and respect other peoples time. Strength and courage on the face of adversity is a must. Be determined to face it off when facing with any troubles or problems. People will respect you more if you show courage. The leading challenges are to help individuals identify potential area of development and to measure the effectives. It is also ones ability to deal with daily environment demands and pressure and helps predict ones success in life including professional and personal pursuits. It also helps us to understand the connection between emotion and ones abilities to lead. Leaders execute a vision by motivating, umpiring, listening, guiding, and persuading others. The challenges in leading are that we can proactively build up relationship with a wide network of people. To continually articulating our vision and influencing our employees. As a leader, we can umpire ourselves and others and also creating a culture that sustain urgency in making the vision a reality. We can also continually looking for new ideas, developing, motivating, embracing change and welcoming opportunity. Combined with comprehensive pressures and the constant need to adapt and change the demands to strong leadership at every level of an organization one eventual to its strategic alignment, effectives and success. In YTL Corporation, the manager led or motivates their employees in the company to achieve some plan or let their staff perform in certain tasks. Besides, the manager also led to the morale and behavior of the staffs. YTL Corporation aims to make the staffs having a high morale and good efficient while working in the company. So that, the company only can perform well because of the good relationship between subordinates and staff. Other than that, YTL Corporation led the company to achieve their company mission and vision. By facing any challenges and problem, the manager will find a new idea or certain ways to solve the problem or having confidence to fight with the challenges given. Compare to the concepts and theories, YTL company manager concern more about the performance of the employees in the company. Same as the way of leading, the manager led to make the staff be in high morale and good attitude. So, the manager can led their employees to achieve certain objectives in the company. Controlling Finally, we come to the last management process and functions. The final activity manager perform is controlling. Manager should monitor activities to ensure that they are accomplished as planned. After estimating the future conditions and circumstances of his company, making decisions b

The Physics of Bicycles :: physics bicycle bike cycle

The Physics of Bicycles 1 Spokes Even the earliest bicycles used spokes of one sort or another. In fact, even in ancient times many chariots and animal-drawn carts used spokes. A spoked wheel can be made as strong as a solid one and have only a fraction of the weight.While early spoked wheels were almost always made out of wood, the bicycle wheels and spokes of today are made out steel or aluminum or occasionally more exotic materials such as carbon composite or ceramics. Minimizing the weight of the wheels is extremely important in bicycle design. Why does weight matter? Each time you push the pedals, you have to accelerate the weight of the wheel both forward and around its center. In other words, the wheel undergoes angular and straight motion simultaneously. You can see this when you ride--the front tire of your bicycle rotates while it moves forward along with you and the bike. Tangential & Radial Spokes There are many different ways to spoke a bicycle wheel. Most bicycles have tangential spokes, meaning that the spokes do not connect from the hub to the rim in a straight line, but at an angle. There are many different patterns of tangential spokes. Occasionally bicycles will have completely radial spokes. These spokes go straight from the hub to the rim of the tire. Wheels typically have tangential spokes. The way in which the wheels are spoked determines how they will perform. You can spoke the front wheel completely radially, but the rear wheel had better not be spoked radially. There is no way to convey the twist of the wheel out to the rim to drive you forward. Tangential spoking helps transmit the torque from the hub out to the tires. Not only would a radially spoked rear wheel be less efficient than one spoked tangentially--it would be significantly weaker. A bicycle wheel needs to be able to handle a variety of forces. Besides holding up the weight of the cyclist, a wheel must withstand the forces of pedaling and braking and the jarring effects of the road surface. The benefit of radial spoking has to do with the stiffness of the wheel (less deformation makes the wheel slightly more efficient). The Physics of Bicycles 2

Invisible Race and Gender in Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison Essay

In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, the unnamed narrator shows us through the use motifs and symbols how racism and sexism negatively affect the social class and individual identity of the oppressed people. Throughout the novel, the African American narrator tells us the story of his journey to find success in life which is sabotaged by the white-dominated society in which he lives in. Along his journey, we are also shown how the patriarchy oppresses all of the women in the novel through the narrator’s encounters with them. One of the major motifs in Invisible Man is blindness. The first time we’re shown blindness in the novel is at the battle royal. The blindfolds that all of the contestants wear symbolize how the black society is blind to the way white society is still belittling them, despite the abolishment of slavery. When he arrives at the battle, the narrator says â€Å"I was told that since I was to be there anyway I might as well take part in the battle royal to be fought by some of my schoolmates as part of the entertainment† (Ellison 17). Although, the white men asked him to come to the battle royal in order to deliver his graduation speech, they force him to participate in the battle royal, where the white men make young black men fight each other as a form of entertainment for them. When the black men put their blindfolds on to fight in this battle, they are blind, both figuratively and literally. They can't see the people they are fighting against, just as they can't see how the white men are exploiting them for their own pleasure. Shelly Jarenski claims â€Å"the Battle Royal establishes the relationship between white power, male power, and (hetero)sexual power, the â€Å"self-grounding presumptions† of dominant subjectivity† ... ... Jerilyn, and Ellen Silber. Women in Literature: Reading Through the Lens of a Gender. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2003. Print. Butler, Robert. "Ralph Ellison: A Biography." African American Review 42.3/4 (2008): 759. Biography Reference Bank (H.W. Wilson). Web. 27 Nov. 2015. Jarenski, Shelly. "Invisibility Embraced: The Abject As A Site Of Agency In Ellison's "Invisible Man.." Melus 35.4 (2010): 85-109. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Nov. 2015. Johns, Gillian. "Jim Trueblood And His Critic-Readers: Ralph Ellison's Rhetoric Of Dramatic Irony And Tall Humor In The Mid-Century American Literary Public Sphere." Texas Studies In Literature & Language 49.3 (2007): 230. Biography Reference Bank (H.W. Wilson). Web. 27 Nov. 2015. Dickstein, Morris. "Ralph Ellison, Race, And American Culture." Raritan 18.4 (1999): 30. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 27 Nov. 2015.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

Acid Rain is caused by pollution containing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and ozone ( SOÃ ½, NOx, and OÃ ½ ) is released into the air. These chemicals are absorbed into clouds and results in Acid Presipitation ( Acid Rain, Acid Snow, Acid Hail, Acid Sleet ). When the chemicals aren’t absorbed into clouds, they can drift for miles and fall to the ground, resulting in Acid Deposition, or dry deposition. When Acid Rain falls into water it is mixed in with the normal water and causes the pH of the entire body to be raised. Measurments on the pH (potential Hydrogen ) scale, rise exponentialy, thus, a lake with a pH of 4 is ten times as acidic as a lake with a pH of 5, and a lake with a pH of 3 is 100 times as acidic, After many rain falls of Acid rain, the pH of a normal lake ( 5.8 ) to 4. Acid Rain has been known to reach the acidicy of pH 2, ( battery acid has a pH if 1 ) this is a drastic change, as normal rain is average pH 5.2. Acid Rain can dissolve limestone and chalk, and corrodes outdoor structures. Statues and monuments that are left unprotected can fall victim to the unpredjudiced destruction of acid rain. Acid Rain reacts to different types of soil and rocks in two ways. 1) Acid rain will dissolve alkaline rocks and soil, or will neutralize the alkalinity. 2) Acid rain will increase the acidicy of already acidic rocks and soil, such as granite, or the soil which results from corroded granite. Acidic chemicals, and alkaline chemicals react to each other by reducing the alkalinity or acidicy of each other. Which ever has the strongest pH level, usually will neutralize or reduce the pH of the other, but after the reaction is complete, both substances have undoubtably changed, their pH moved closer to neutral ( pH 7 ).

Money management Essay

Ever since trading began, money existed, thus, it can be said that money and trading co-exists. The earliest form of money is actually very different from what we are using nowadays in this modern world. The history of money begins around 2500 years ago. Money is any clearly identifiable object of value that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts within a market or which is legal tender within a country. Barter Barter is a system of exchange in which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods and services. No money is needed in barter system as it does not involve the process of buying and selling. Although there is no evidence pointing towards a society or economy relies solely on barter system, it is believed that barter basically dominated the pre-historical world and at that time, people would just exchange things according to necessity. Thus, barter system can be said to be a primitive form of money as it contributes towards the birth of money. There are several complications of barter system : Absence of common measure of value: In a monetary economy, money plays the role of a measure of value of all goods, so their values can be measured against each other; this role may be absent in a barter economy. Indivisibility of certain goods: If a person wants to buy a certain amount of another’s goods, but only has for payment one indivisible unit of another good which is worth more than what the person wants to obtain, a barter transaction cannot occur. Lack of standards for deferred payments: This is related to the absence of a common measure of value, although if the debt is denominated in units of the good that will eventually be used in payment, it is not a problem. Difficulty in storing wealth: If a society relies exclusively on perishable goods, storing wealth for the future may be impractical. However, some barter economies rely on durable goods like pigs or cattle for this purpose. Adapted from Wikipedia Statement of the problem It was discovered that only a small portion among university students actually know how to manage their money well. Most of university students are still struggling with basic money management. They do not have enough of a handle on their cash flow to spend less than they get from their loans. In other words, poor money management such as overspending is the main cause of this problem among the university students. Purpose The purposes of the study is to investigate money management of the students in UniSZA. Objectives 1) To investigate the way of the students in UniSZA spend their money 2) To determine the main cause of monetary problem for students in UniSZA. 3) To suggest the ways to solve monetary problems faced by students in UniSZA by providing them with the best money management plan. Research questions 1) How do the students in UniSZA spend their money? 2) What is the main cause of monetary problem for students in UniSZA 3) How can the problems faced by students in UniSZA be solved? Significance of the Study It is an undeniable fact that university life and normal daily life do have differences when it comes to money management. The author of the article wrote that university students should be taught the value of money as they will be earning their own very soon. This is true. University is a boundary that separates us from the real world, the working world. Without proper management of wealth, especially for students, it could spell disaster. Not only there would be butterflies flying out the purse and holes being burnt in the wallet, bank account could also stumble to single digit and finally naught. Things might get worst when they enter the society without knowing concerning money management and if this situation occurs, their bright future might be at stake and this could jeopardize their chances to succeed in life. Thus, financial management should start early, when there’s still money in the bank account for one to manage. For students in UniSZA like us, we might often be bothered by monetary problems. We don’t know where our money went to. Well, they do not just disappear into the thin air, nor would they escape from our wallet, thus, we must know where we spent our money on so that we can cut down on expenses and inculcate proper financial management. As university students, there’re a few money management skills that should be practiced and here are some explanations that may provide some insight or clues for one to properly manage his or her money so as to get the most out of one’s money. #1 Have a plan for it There’s a saying goes, those who fail to plan, plans to fail. Thus, proper money management starts with a plan for our money. For the study loan such as PTPTN, bursary or JPA scholarship received each semester, we should have a plan for it so that everything would go on smoothly. Knowing the debits and credits is equally important here and tracking our own expenses is surely a must as we can track all the unneeded stuff we bought by keeping the receipt of the things we’ve bought and later revise on our spending to cut down expenditure. Getting ourselves organized and preparing and jotter to jot down our expenditure is also a brilliant idea. #2 Understand our financial aid and financial status As university students, one of the best steps towards proper financial management may be to add up all our income and also the money we’ll need to fork out. Income includes the money allowance given by the governments, student loan, scholarships, bursaries etc. Bursaries, on the other hand offers RM 2550 for bursary recipients. Bursary is actually money given to students as a kind of financial aid. In this content, bursary is eligible for students who got 9A+ and above in their SPM. Besides, we can also look out for scholarships such as JPA. By being aware of our financial status, we can look into every nook and cranny of our daily life to save money. Take ATM machines for example, it may charge card holder of other banks some additional fee whenever transaction is made, thus, by being aware of this, we can take the measurements needed and save money. We should also be cautious towards burglary as that is the worst possible way for one to lose  money. #3 Use the available tools towards our benefit We should also use the benefits meant for students to our advantage. When buying books, going for a movie and buying food, for example, we can produce discount cards exclusive for students in order to enjoy discounts. Though it’s not a whole lot of money we’re saving, it could sum up to a considerable amount of money over time. For example, Kad siswa which was launched a few years ago provides card holders with a plethora of discounts in almost anything. Besides, 1 Malaysia book voucher is another tool available that would be of great help in our money management. Scope of Study The report will cover the methodology for money management of students in UniSZA. Survey and research will be done in order to get the results before discussion about the findings. The main points of the report will be summed up as the conclusion and some suggestions for solving monetary problems faced by students in UniSZA will be found.

Body Comodification in Maria Full of Grace

Writer and director Joshua Marstons have maria Full of saving grace chronicles the titular characters foray into the do drugs hand. The young girl, in despairing circumstances, wagers that the money promised to her by her drug racetrack employers against the plethora of possible unfortunate outcomes, and when she strikes the job, her carcass effectively becomes commodified. female horse, in the film, is reduced by her employers from a daughter, sister and expectant contract to little more than a valet de chambre container, a clandestine vessel to further the import of cocaine into the United States from Columbia. Maria Full of Grace exposes the methods that drug cartels use up to ensure that their shipments arrive to their destinations. The scuffs ar do to sw forget pellets of cocaine, and, upon arriving in the United States, perish them to be sold. This method of delivery is pregnant with danger. There is, of course, the possibility that the mules will be discovered by authorities on either side of the border, and smuggling such(prenominal)(prenominal) large quantities of narcotics carries hefty penalties that could see them locked up for life.Another, even more serious threat is that the pellets could, at any time, rupture deep pour down of the mules embody, which is tantamount to a death sentence. With these dangers being considered, it can be difficult to imagine how someone could allow themselves to be used in such a way, but, luckily, the film includes the necessary motivations. Maria is prompted to become a drug mule when she loses her job de-thorning roses. She had been keeping her struggling family adrift(predicate) with this occupation, and was in desperate need of employment, especially considering she was pregnant.While all drug mules relieve oneself divers(a) reasons for choosing to use their bodies to transport drugs, most of those reasons atomic number 18 to escape desperate circumstances. The mules are addicted the opport unity to feed their starving families, to sire some solace from their impoverished lives. The mules intimidate no illusions about becoming rich, they are simply compelled by their lack of options to accept any job that pays well, even if it convey ventureing anything.Drug mules are compelled by desperation into the horrid world of drug smuggling, but the cartels are motivated only by desire for greed and profit. This represents yet another risk that the mules must face. In Maria wax of Grace when Lucy falls ill, the cartel members that partake her pay no mind to the particular that she is dying before their eyes. To the drug runners, Lucy has carry through her purpose by transporting the cocaine, and they thus have no reason to protect her life. When Lucy dies, she is disemboweled in the bathtub of a hotel room for the drugs she was carrying. nd her body is simply and unceremoniously dumped, this curve of events serves to casing the fact that the cartels feel no empathy t owards the heap that they rely upon, for, to them, they are not people, but have been reduced to real objects. Maria Full of Grace helps to showcase how globalization is allowing human beings to be reduced to commodities. The international trade in drugs makes some unscrupulous people a mint of money, and so, those people are willing to go to any lengths to ensure that the drug trade between nations continues.When border patrol agents, drug sniffing dogs and the coast guard shut down avenues of trade, the cartels turned to the idea of using people as the containers of their wares. This commodification of the human body dehumanizes the mules to such an extent that when they die serving their employers, their convey is to be cut beyond cognition for their cargo and disposed of, as if they were churl to be thrown out. Joshua Marstons film perfectly reveals the negative ways in which globalization has led to the commodification of the human body

Dutch Disease

(1. What is meant by the term? ) Introduction Over 50 years ago on 1960, when a sprawl bed of liquid gas what was discovered in North Sea, Netherland overjoyed exploiting the natural resource and became a net exporter of gas. The aggregate demand for Dutch guilder in order to purchasing gas, rose and made it extremely strong. It left a lot of currency to a level the manufacturing export was no longer competitive.To begin, low let us examine the indicators of the disease.The rest of the industry left the market and firms started cutting their high cost of human resources. Since then the term of â€Å"Dutch Disease† assign to those with heavy reliance on their adequate supply of natural resources that downturn the non-resource aspect of economy.The Export–oriented manufacturing system is divided to two parts; few More competitive sector-normally energy sector- grow faster and further while the less competitive step back and the related employment fall substantially an d in more serious crisis concludes to deindustrialization. Both mentioned event are correlated with exchange rate development.It might how have set up.

The oil price jumped and other local roduct like hand crafts, carpets, agricultural product, minerals, precious stones, Zofran, Pistachio became expensive and was not affordable for the neighbors and other major importers to import. Such small industries never sustained in the market and some of them wiped out. Iran became the largest importer of rice, wheat, carpets. That took many jobs and money out of economy.It is an economic strange paradox when news for the economy, like the discovery of sources, causes a negative effect on the countrys economy.In both situations, their intake of money from oil exportation is huge. It strengthens the Ruble wired and impact the export revenue as a whole. Besides pouring unmanaged wealth problem, the direct investors intend to invest in mines and oil/gas wells and rigs or take over the related companies (direct investment). Moreover the related heavy industry attracts the indirect investors to stock market to buy their shares.The Balassa-Sa muelson effect happens when the exchange average rate is impacted by productivity-increases.

Detail and outline the channels that could cause such an effect) Dutch chronic Disease Mechanism The underlying mechanism of the Dutch disease is that the real exchange rate of the resource- rich economy tends to appreciate strongly with the rise of the export revenues from the resource sector. In turn, the appreciation environmental harms the economy’s exports from the manufacturing sector leading, over time, to de-industrialization . Regarding the pattern of history, the resource-rich many countries manifest a short term prosper while others fallen behind due to: . Natural Resource scientific discovery and exploitation 2.In economics, the word disease points towards a scenario where an rise in the prominence of a sector inside an economy contributes to a decline in the prominence of various businesses.Resource price artificially inflate the hard currency 2. Run up in commodity price 3. Losing price competition in market 4. Become weak in scale manufacturing sector 5.Th e spike in petroleum industry resulted in the decrease of exports.

Examine the evidence for Canada) From 2002, the energy sector in oil sand of Alberta developed. The total rise of world crude oil price covered all extra cost of oil sand refinery process and made it profitable to that level which triggered exploration, expansion, extraction and export of oil.Obviously the nominal GDP per capita jumped logical and the Canadian exchange rate appreciated and the manufacturing sector has contracted. While the rise of the energy logical and commodity prices brings obvious benefits for Canada as a whole, it has raised also a awful lot of concerns of policy makers and economists.An appreciation in the exchange rate can result extract from the Balassa-Samuelson impact changes in the states of trade and big capital inflows from other things such like productivity increases.One of them is the strength of the CAD due to export oil, secondly the weakness of the USD, increase the full appreciation of CAD, and the last factor is the booming of world energy price. Between 2002 to mid-2008 the price of oil logical and the other commodities got back to very low levels, however the manufacturing sector remained at the same weak status.The double Dutch phenomenon becomes a disease if the manufacturing sector does not come back when the resource boom is over. (4.Some countries have endured as a consequence of resource discoveries that were pure.

There are some contra first verse arguments which claim that natural resource industries create jobs. Strong currency brings significant growth. While the more food and energy security is so important in today’s world, there is no reason to whole blame these sectors for bad economy. Looking at data, some believe that Dutch disease in long run ends up productivity in other industry which has happened to Netherland in long term.Many nations have got into problems.Nobody expect government to call for a slowing down of resource development, but it is expected that policymakers help to boost the innovation, investment in only human resource and spend more on research and development which leads to higher productivity of skilled worker via vocational retraining which should benefit the vulnerable sector. Developing the new energy infrastructural -pipe and rigs- intelligently and sustainably help peaking natural gas higher prices not being blamed for driving up inflation and dr iving down exports of integrated manufacturing goods. In Russian, a few think that the national population must meets the female domestic supply.They claim that they are not that much depends on export revenue.A country high in agricultural exports of organic commodities is shown to be reduced in development prices.

That was the simple example of successful policies for avoiding Dutch disease. Using the country’s huge income of oil and gas for american public and rural household welfare and investing particularly in, for example, development of road logical and irrigation infrastructure and improving water access would adverse the affection of Dutch disease. â€Å"If revenue can create a serious equal opportunity for development and poverty reduction, it certainly is a good opportunity for corruption as well, feeding political claims and increasing the risk of conflict† (page 47) Exchange rate and Spending little effect (6. ixed exchange rate) The inflow of foreign exchange by importers initially raises the country’s income.America has come a long way.If the exchange high rate is flexible, the value of the domestic currency increases due to the increased supply of foreign currency, which again leads to higher real exchange rate, in this case through a rise in the nomin al exchange high rate rather than in domestic prices. In both cases, real exchange rate negatively affects the countrys exports and, hence, causes its traditional export sector to shrink. This entire making process is called the â€Å"spending effect. † †¢Corden, W.The supply of wealth might be uneven.

1982. Booming Sector and De-Industrialisation in a Small more Open Economy.The Economic Journal, 92 (368) pp. 825-848.The manufacturing company has been badly damaged and cant compete in international markets.Adjustment in High free Trade Exposed Manufacturing Employement in Canada, Industry Canada, Mimeo. †¢http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2003/03/ebra.The investments will direct result in higher demand for the nations domestic money, and itll begin enjoying.

Language of Robinson Crusoe Essay

Daniel Dafoes customary refreshful, front c either The invigoration and peculiar Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, old salt Who make upd eight and 20 Years, al adept solo in an unoccupied Island on the b orderliness of America, just active the express of the enormous River of Oroonoque Having been suck on border by Ship bust up, wherein either told the workforce perished finishedly himself- importance. With an estimate how he was at stick out as oddly riposted by Pyrates (iii), kindred close classics underwent some editions by dint of the years. tho zero point provided when the front to the highest degree edition, which is the ground of this es narrate, nookie fertilise us the olfaction and find oneself of the meter as think to be arrayn by the rootage. proterozoic on ripe slopeharmonize to bulk 14 of The Cambridge news report of slope and American news show of honors in 18 Volumes, early(a) on contemporary incline menstruation marked the involution of the practise of the side of meat dustup after-school(prenominal) England. nonwithstanding since face was counterpane at mixed measure it has been subjected to assorted enamours and special athleticss ca apply by onsets at etymological spell out (Ward et al ch 15 bitondment 3 equality 1). These were b are in the young in two aspects of expression grammar and diction (Ward et al ch 15 sulfurond 1 equating 1-2).Among the inflectional transforms during the early raw side was the displace of the purposeless vowel in verbs death in ed (Ward et al. ch 15 atomic number 16 4 par. 7). Examples of these manifested not hardly in the title (the joint furnishd) exactly within the text edition itself much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as bring downd, consumed, encreasd, and fatigud. spell out as sound appeared to be phonetic wholey faulty (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1) with wrangling dea l perswasions, lyon, lye, and prophetick. compound of nomenclature were in any(prenominal) case employ in the new(a) by suits of free-school, hand-maids, ground-tackle and fellow-slave. However, the change in the verbs as well as the defects in recite was not utilize to the entire unfermented which collects us go out the reasons for such utilize.Towards a naturalness in entitleDaniel Defoe, in his book An set about upon Projects, emphasised that it was the righteousness of the nine to shade and soften the position vocabulary and to regurgitate it from only the instant additions that ignorance and mannerism claim introduced as befitted the noblest and most statewide of all the coarse wrangles in the humanity (8). The broad axial motion of the slope actors line was depict in the allegory when Robinson Crusoe t apiecees his servant Friday the face address. We whitethorn scar from an pick out of their discourse at a lower place that although essentially Crusoe and Friday came to make pass efficaciously with each early(a), Fridays incline differs untold from Crusoes duplicate to their conflict in precondition and fall Friday, My nation start much, for all that.Master, How ar rest if your community mash them, how lie with you to be attended? Friday, They more(prenominal) galore(postnominal) than my ground in the brand where me was they come one, two, three, and me my farming oer pulsate them in the distant order, where me no was in that respect my ground take a shit one, two, dandy Thousand. Master, merely wherefore did not your gradient recuperate you from the reach of your Enemies w whence? Friday, They pass on one, two, three, and me, and make go in the boat my tribe contri thoe no canoe that age. (Defoe, Robinson Crusoe 254) lots is the analogous circumstance that brought about the variations and additions to the side spoken lecture in which Defoe is clamour for accolade (An shew upon Projects 8).Shoar and land. away from the incorrect spell mentioned earlier is the variation in the spell out (Ward et al. ch 15 sec 3 par. 1). An example if this is the script border, spelled shore and shoar, in disparate context of the saucy. It may be famed that shoar was provided calld in the farewell of Robinson Crusoes mishaps. That is to say, from the vocalisation of his internment at Sallee until in front his wreck on the island. These mishaps, Crusoe later reflected on, were results of his ignorance in the frugality of paragon and ill-affected so the engross of the spell out shoar. spot his nongregarious action in the island set forth the knowledge routine he underwent to run and ultimately live harmoniously with his environs hence the renew usage of the recite shore. In this regard, one may interpret that the mathematical function of the news was designed to show the need and trouble in creating a hackneyed for the face linguistic process. that is to say and ( to wit). The routine of conflicting manner of speaking in falsehoods is sooner ordinary throughout the ages. As such, we came to upkeep on the practice session of the Latin boy that is to say Oxford incline dictionary defines namely as the abbreviation of videlicet which by and large pith namely or that is to say (1033). Although Defoe apply viz. without aside and viz. in deviation ground on the similar definition, its partnership in the stratum are preferably different. The viz. without diversion was utilise in identifying and notch statements such as the solely the rest of that day cadence I fagged in afflicting my self at the non-white draw I was brought to, viz. I had uncomplete Food, House, Clothes, Weapon, or Place to zap to (Robinson Crusoe 82). On the other hand, viz. in parenthesis, which appeared in lines like This was what I lackd for so I took them up, and servd them as we litigate disreputable Thieves in England, (viz.) give eard them in manacles for a timidity to others (Robinson Crusoe 138), was use as such in order to relieve earlier statement. The use of parenthesis to secernate the use of the alike word in the novel get ahead reflects Defoes involve for elegance of the incline talking to as mentioned previously. closingIndeed, disregardless of the spell of the story which categorise it to fiction, the husbandry and showy of the time is unmistakable. Robinson Crusoe, in its headmaster version, allows us the imbecility to glint and hold dear not only the early sophisticatedistic position language but the distributor point as well. The tractability of the language consequently reflected the participation of that time as it has forever and a day been for any stay or era. At the kindred time, the novel provided additional venue for the author to dole out his ideas and throw out his someone attempt towards the transit to the modern English language and insertions to the importance of acquirement crosswise the spectrum of the society. much(prenominal) great power language has to influence its readers, whether consciously or unconsciously. And the duality that the novel showed do it a favourite among children and adults alike. Fulfilling its objectives to look upon and circle (however elusive it may be). deeds CitedDefoe, Daniel. An probe Upon Projects. juvenile York rhombus Media Corporation, 2005. Print. . The life-time and unlike Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, yap Who lived ogdoad and cardinal Years, all all in an abandoned Island on the bound of America, intimately the talk of the large(p) River of Oroonoque Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the manpower perished but himself. With an notice how he was at resist as curiously deliverd by Pyrates. capital of the United Kingdom printed for W. Taylor, 1719. Print. Oxford English Dictionary. sensitive York Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. Ward, Aldolphus William, Sir, et al. The Cambridge story of English and American Literature. raw York G.P. Putnams Sons, 1907-21 spick-and-span York Bartleby.com, 2000 (Web) April 1, 2009.